Which factor is associated with triggering systemic lupus erythematosus flares?

• A. Family history
• B. Regular exercise
• C. Pregnancy/ use of oral contraceptives
• D. Adequate sleep

Answer: (C)

Flares in lupus are often tied to hormonal changes that alter immune activity. Estrogen can boost B-cell activation and autoantibody production, which can escalate lupus activity. Pregnancy brings substantial hormonal and immune shifts, and flares are more likely to occur during pregnancy or the postpartum period in some patients. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives can similarly increase flare risk in susceptible individuals. In contrast, family history is a genetic risk factor for developing lupus rather than triggering a current flare, and regular exercise or adequate sleep are generally beneficial for health and do not provoke flares.